Connecting words
A full reference of French connectors organized by function. Each entry includes a level label, meaning, and example sentence.
Level guide
A1–A2 = beginner · B1 = intermediate · B2 = upper-intermediate · C1 = advanced (IB level)
Adding information
Use these to build on an idea, add supporting points, or intensify an argument.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| et | A1 | and | Il parle français et anglais. Use sparingly in essays: too many 'et' sounds elementary. | |
| aussi | A2 | also, too | Elle aime la musique. Elle aime aussi la peinture. Placed after the conjugated verb, not at the start of a clause in formal writing. | |
| également | B1 | also, equally | Il est également important de noter que... More formal than aussi. Excellent in essays. | |
| de plus | B1 | moreover, furthermore | De plus, il faut considérer les conséquences. Very common in formal writing. Opens a new supporting point. | |
| en outre | B2 | furthermore, in addition | En outre, les résultats confirment cette hypothèse. More formal than de plus. Preferred in academic and IB writing. | |
| par ailleurs | B2 | moreover, besides, in addition | Par ailleurs, cette approche présente des avantages. Can introduce a related but distinct point. Very versatile in essays. | |
| non seulement... mais aussi | B2 | not only... but also | Non seulement c'est utile, mais aussi efficace. Powerful double structure. Creates emphasis and balance. | |
| voire | C1 | or even, indeed | Cela prend des heures, voire des jours. Adds an extreme or surprising case to what was just said. | |
| de surcroît | C1 | on top of that, what's more | C'est coûteux, et de surcroît peu pratique. Typically adds a negative point on top of another. High register. | |
| qui plus est | C1 | what is more, on top of that | Il est compétent, et qui plus est, très motivé. Emphatic and formal. Rarely used in speech: save it for writing. |
Contrast & opposition
Show that two ideas are in tension, contradict each other, or present different perspectives.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mais | A1 | but | J'aime le français, mais c'est difficile. The most basic contrast word. Overuse weakens essays: vary it. | |
| par contre | B1 | on the other hand, however | Le train est rapide. Par contre, il est cher. Common in both speech and writing. Introduces a direct counter-point. | |
| en revanche | B2 | on the other hand, in return | En revanche, les bénéfices à long terme sont réels. More formal than par contre. The preferred form in academic writing. | |
| cependant | B1 | however, yet | Cependant, il faut nuancer cette affirmation. Neutral and very common in essays. Can open a sentence. | |
| pourtant | B1 | yet, even so, and yet | Il a travaillé dur. Pourtant, il a échoué. Expresses surprise or unexpectedness. Slightly more emotional than cependant. | |
| néanmoins | B2 | nevertheless, nonetheless | Néanmoins, certains avantages méritent d'être soulignés. Formal and precise. Concedes a point but maintains the main argument. | |
| toutefois | B2 | however, yet, that said | Toutefois, cette solution n'est pas sans risques. Slightly softer than néanmoins. Widely used in formal texts. | |
| à l'inverse | B2 | conversely, on the contrary | À l'inverse, les pays nordiques ont adopté une autre approche. Points to a direct reversal of the previous idea. | |
| or | C1 | yet, now, but (literary) | Il semblait confiant. Or, la situation était bien plus complexe. Literary conjunction introducing a twist or complication. Do not confuse with the English 'or'. | |
| quand bien même | C1 | even if, even though | Quand bien même il réussirait, le problème demeurerait. Takes the conditional. Introduces a concession at a high register. |
Cause & reason
Explain why something happens or what caused a result.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| parce que | A2 | because | Je reste à la maison parce qu'il pleut. The basic 'because'. Answers the question 'pourquoi?'. | |
| car | B1 | because, for (formal) | Il n'est pas venu, car il était malade. More formal than parce que. Common in written French: never starts a sentence in formal style. | |
| puisque | B1 | since, given that | Puisque tu es là, on peut commencer. Refers to a reason both speaker and listener already know. Less explanatory, more logical. | |
| grâce à | B1 | thanks to (positive result) | Grâce à ses efforts, elle a réussi. Only used when the outcome is positive. Contrast with à cause de. | |
| à cause de | A2 | because of (negative or neutral) | Il est arrivé en retard à cause des embouteillages. Used for negative or problematic causes. Never use for positive outcomes. | |
| étant donné que | B2 | given that, since | Étant donné que les ressources sont limitées... Formal. Introduces a premise before a conclusion. Often opens a sentence. | |
| en raison de | B2 | owing to, because of | En raison des circonstances, la réunion est annulée. Formal and neutral. Followed by a noun, not a verb. | |
| vu que | B1 | seeing that, given that | Vu que le temps manque, allons à l'essentiel. Slightly informal. Used in speech and mid-register writing. |
Consequence & result
Show what follows from an idea, fact, or argument.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| donc | A2 | therefore, so | Je pense, donc je suis. The most common consequence connector. Works in all registers. | |
| alors | A2 | so, then | Il n'était pas là, alors on est partis. Common in speech. Slightly informal in formal writing: use par conséquent instead. | |
| ainsi | B2 | thus, in this way | Ainsi, on peut conclure que... Formal. Often triggers subject-verb inversion when it opens a sentence: Ainsi peut-on affirmer que... | |
| c'est pourquoi | B1 | that is why, this is why | C'est pourquoi il faut agir maintenant. Excellent in essays. Directly links a cause to a decision or recommendation. | |
| par conséquent | B2 | consequently, as a result | Par conséquent, les prix ont augmenté. Formal and common in academic writing. Marks a logical conclusion. | |
| de ce fait | B2 | because of this, as a result | De ce fait, la situation s'est améliorée. Points back directly to the previous sentence as the cause. | |
| d'où | B2 | hence, which is why | Les ressources sont rares, d'où la nécessité de les gérer. Concise and elegant. Often followed by a noun phrase. | |
| dès lors | C1 | from then on, therefore | Dès lors, toute négociation devient impossible. High-register. Can be temporal (from that point) or logical (therefore). |
Concession & nuance
Acknowledge a counter-argument or limitation before reinforcing your point.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| même si | B1 | even if, even though | Même si c'est difficile, il faut essayer. Takes the indicative. Very common and versatile. | |
| malgré | B1 | despite, in spite of | Malgré les obstacles, elle a réussi. Followed by a noun or pronoun, not a clause. | |
| en dépit de | B2 | in spite of, despite | En dépit de ses efforts, il a échoué. More formal than malgré. Followed by a noun. | |
| certes | B2 | certainly, admittedly, granted | Certes, cette solution a des avantages. Cependant... Classic essay move: concede a point, then rebut. Often paired with mais or cependant. | |
| il est vrai que | B2 | it is true that, admittedly | Il est vrai que les résultats sont encourageants. Formal concession. Sets up a nuance or counter-argument. | |
| bien que | B2 | although, even though | Bien qu'il soit fatigué, il continue. Requires the subjunctive. A key IB construction. | |
| quoique | C1 | although, even though | Quoiqu'on en dise, la situation s'améliore. Subjunctive required. More literary than bien que. | |
| quand bien même | C1 | even if, even supposing | Quand bien même cela serait vrai, les conséquences restent incertaines. Conditional required. Sophisticated concession for IB essays. |
Illustration & example
Support a claim with a specific example or clarify a general idea.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| par exemple | A2 | for example | Par exemple, les Canadiens bilingues ont plus d'opportunités. The most common. Works in all contexts. | |
| notamment | B2 | notably, in particular | Plusieurs pays, notamment la France et le Canada, ont signé l'accord. Introduces a specific subset of a general claim. Common in formal writing. | |
| c'est-à-dire | B1 | that is to say, i.e. | Il a réussi, c'est-à-dire qu'il a obtenu plus de 80%. Used to clarify or restate. Can be abbreviated as c.-à-d. in notes. | |
| à titre d'exemple | B2 | by way of example | À titre d'exemple, considérons le cas du Québec. Formal phrasing for introducing case studies or data. Excellent in IB essays. | |
| en l'occurrence | C1 | in this case, as it happens | En l'occurrence, c'est la loi qui s'applique. Refers to the specific situation just mentioned. High register. | |
| tel que | B2 | such as, like | Des pays tel que le Canada favorisent le bilinguisme. Formal equivalent of comme when listing examples. |
Sequence & structure
Organise ideas chronologically or logically: essential for structuring any text.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| d'abord | A2 | first, first of all | D'abord, il faut définir le problème. The standard opening for a first point. Pairs with ensuite and enfin. | |
| premièrement | B1 | firstly | Premièrement, examinons les avantages. More formal than d'abord. Often used with deuxièmement, troisièmement. | |
| en premier lieu | B2 | in the first place, first of all | En premier lieu, il convient d'analyser les causes. High-register opener. Pairs with en second lieu and en dernier lieu. | |
| ensuite | A2 | then, next | D'abord on prépare les ingrédients, ensuite on cuisine. Marks the next step or point. Very common and reliable. | |
| puis | A2 | then, and then | Il a étudié, puis il a passé son examen. More sequential than ensuite: suggests one thing coming right after another. | |
| enfin | B1 | finally, lastly | Enfin, il faut considérer l'impact à long terme. Closes a sequence. Can also express relief in speech: 'Enfin!' = At last! | |
| finalement | B1 | finally, in the end | Finalement, ils ont trouvé un accord. Refers to what happened after a process: slightly different from enfin, which closes a list. | |
| en dernier lieu | B2 | lastly, finally | En dernier lieu, il faut évoquer les solutions possibles. Formal closing. Pairs with en premier lieu and en second lieu. |
Summary & conclusion
Wrap up an argument, restate a main point, or draw a final inference.
| Word / phrase | Level | Meaning | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| en résumé | B1 | in summary, to sum up | En résumé, les avantages l'emportent sur les inconvénients. Signals a recap, not necessarily a final conclusion. | |
| bref | B1 | in short, in brief | Bref, il faut agir. Conversational but common in writing. Implies impatience or conciseness. | |
| en somme | B2 | in sum, all in all | En somme, le bilan est positif. More formal than bref. Weighs up the overall picture. | |
| au fond | B2 | at bottom, ultimately, deep down | Au fond, la question est simple. Slightly reflective: suggests getting to the heart of the matter. | |
| pour conclure | B1 | to conclude, in conclusion | Pour conclure, rappelons les points essentiels. Clear and direct closing for essays. Avoid starting every conclusion this way: vary it. | |
| en conclusion | B1 | in conclusion | En conclusion, cette politique semble inévitable. Standard essay closer. Acceptable but can be formulaic: en définitive is more elegant. | |
| en définitive | C1 | in the final analysis, ultimately | En définitive, c'est à chacun de décider. High-register conclusion. Preferred in IB and academic essays over en conclusion. | |
| tout compte fait | C1 | all things considered, when all is said and done | Tout compte fait, cette solution reste la meilleure. Weighs everything before landing on a final judgement. Impressive in formal writing. |
IB French B — writing tip
Examiners reward varied, precise connectors. Aim for at least three different functions in any essay: one to add (en outre, par ailleurs), one to contrast (néanmoins, en revanche), and one to conclude (en définitive, tout compte fait). Avoid relying on et, mais, and donc alone.
See idiomatic expressions →